Developmental milestones
Periods of growth
Prenatal period –
Ovum – 0-14 days
Embryo – 14 days to 9 weeks
Fetus – 9 weeks to birth
Perinatal period – 22 weeks to 7 days after birth
Postnatal period –
Newborn – first 4 week after birth
Infancy – first year
Toddler – 1-3 yr
Preschool – 3-6 yr
School age – 6-12 yr
Adolescence –
Early – 10-13 yr
Middle – 14-16 yr
Late – 17-20 yr
Approximate anthropometric values by age |
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Age | Weight (kg) | Length or height (cm) | Head circumference (cm) |
Birth | 3 | 50 | 34 |
6 m | 6 (doubles) | 65 | 43 |
1 year | 9 (triples) | 75 | 46 |
2 yr | 12 (quadruples) | 90 | 48 |
3 yr | 15 | 95 | 49 |
4 years | 16 | 100 | 50 |
Key Gross Motor developmental milestone |
|
Age | Milestones |
3 m | Neck holding |
5 m | Rolls over |
6 m | Sits in tripod fashion (sitting with own support) |
8 m | Sitting without support |
9 m | Stands holding on (with support) |
12 m | Creeps well; walks but fails; stands without support |
15 m | Walks alone; creeps upstairs |
18 m | Runs; explores drawers |
2 yr | Walks up and downstairs (2 feet/step); jumps |
3 yr | Rides tricycle; alternate feet going upstairs |
4 yr | Holds on one foot; alternate feet going downstairs |
Key Fine Motor developmental milestone |
|
Age | Milestones |
4 month | Bidextrous reach (reaching out for objects with both hands) |
6 month | Unidextrous reach (reaching out for objects with one hand); transfers objects |
9 month | Immature pincer grasp, probes with forefinger |
12 m | Pincer grasp mature |
15 m | Imitates scribbling, makes tower of 2 blocks |
18 m | Scribbles, makes tower of 3 blocks |
2 yr | Tower of 6 blocks, vertical and circular strokes |
3 yr | Tower of 9 blocks, copies circle |
4 yr | Copies cross, bridge with blocks |
5 yr | Copies triangle, gate with blocks |
Key Social and Adaptive Milestones |
|
Age | Milestone |
2 m | Social smile (smile after being talked to) |
3 m | Recongnizes mother; anticipates feeds |
6 m | Recognizes strangers; stranger anxiety |
9 m | Waves “bye-bye” |
12 m | Comes when called, plays simple ball game |
15 m | Jargon |
18 m | Copies parents in task (eg sweeping) |
2 yr | Asks for food, drink, toilet, pulls people to show toys |
3 yr | Shares toys, knows full name and gender |
4 yr | Plays co-operatively in a group; goes to toilet alone |
5 yr | Helps in household tasks, dresses and undresses |
Key Language milestones |
|
Age | Milestone |
1 m | Alert to sound |
3 m | Cooing (musical vowel sounds) |
4 m | Laughs loud |
6 m | Monosyllables (ba, da, pa); ah-goo sounds |
9 m | Bisyllables (mama, baba, dada) |
12 m | 1-2 words with meaning |
18 m | 8-10 word vocabulary |
2 yr | 2-3 word sentences, uses pronous (I, me , you) |
3 yr | Asks questions, knows full name and gender |
4 yr | Says song or poem; tells stories |
5 yr | Asks meaning of words |
Upper age limit for attainment of milestone |
|
Milestone | Age |
Visual fixation or following | 2 m |
Vocalization | 6 m |
Sitting without support | 10 m |
Standing with assistance | 12 m |
Hands and knee crawling | 14 m |
Standing alone | 17 m |
Walking alone | 18 m |
Single word | 18 m |
Imaginative play | 3 yr |
Timing of Dentition |
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Primary dentition | Time of eruption , months | Time of fall, years | ||
Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | |
Central incisors | 8-12 m | 6-10 m | 6-7 yr | 6-7 yr |
Lateral incisors | 9-13 m | 10-16 m | 7-8 yr | 7-8 yr |
First molar | 13-19 m | 14-18 m | 9-11 yr | 9-11 yr |
Canine | 16-22 m | 17-23 m | 10-12 yr | 9-12 yr |
Second molar | 25-33 m | 23-31 m | 10-12 yr | 10-12 yr |
Permanent teeth | Time of eruption (in years) | |||
Upper | Lower | |||
First molar | 6-7 | 6-7 | ||
Central incisor | 7-8 | 6-7 | ||
Lateral incisor | 8-9 | 7-8 | ||
Canine | 11-12 | 10-12 | ||
First premolar | 10-11 | 10-12 | ||
Second premolar | 10-12 | 10-12 | ||
Second molar | 12-13 | 11-13 | ||
Third molar | 17-21 | 17-21 |
Further reading – Essential pediatrics, 8th edition
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